Which statement best differentiates norm-referenced from criterion-referenced assessments?

• A. Norm-referenced assessments compare performance to a normative group.
• B. Norm-referenced assessments compare performance to a normative group, while criterion-referenced assessments measure against defined criteria.
• C. Norm-referenced assessments measure mastery against criteria.
• D. Criterion-referenced assessments rely on comparing scores to peers' performance.

Answer: (B)

When we interpret test scores, the key difference is what the score is judged against. Norm-referenced assessments determine how a student performed relative to a normative group of peers, which is why results are often presented as percentiles or standard scores. Criterion-referenced assessments determine whether the student has demonstrated the specific skills or meeting predefined criteria, regardless of how others did.

The statement that best differentiates them is that norm-referenced assessments compare performance to a normative group, while criterion-referenced assessments measure against defined criteria. This captures the essential contrast between judging relative standing versus mastery of defined objectives.

Other choices either describe only part of the distinction or misstate the basis for criterion-referenced assessments (for example, implying they rely on peer comparison).